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Wanted: Beta Males?

Do most women want "beta" males, as a Times Online columnist suggests?

As best I know, men and women have above the same average IQ. But it seems that male intelligence scores cluster more around the extremes, whereas women tend towards the middle.

An all-male team of psychologists at Edinburgh University has discovered that there are twice as many males as females in the brightest two per cent of the population. The research, however, also points out that there are twice as many males as females in the least intelligent two per cent of the country.

(More here also.)

My favorite lesbian atheist feminist neopagan, Camille Paglia, has been arguing this for years. (Yet even suggesting the possibility was enough to cost Lawrence Summers his Harvard post. Academic freedom? Devotion to the facts, where-ever they lead? You'll find neither in schools of "social sciences" today.)

While women, on average, have a 50/50 chance of ending up with a man who has a higher IQ than she does (or a lower one, for that matter), this suggests that a good number of women will end up with a mate who's a lot smarter (or a lot denser) than she is. So we might expect, on average, for intelligent women (of the sort who might write articles in British newspapers) to face the prospect of a few smarter men (and stiff competition for them) and many, many who are not quite as bright as she -- and a good many much less intelligent than she is.

But we're just talking IQ, so far. What about achievement?

Here, the tables have turned. Where once the "disparity-proves-sexism" crowd pointed to a lack of women in college, college women now outnumber (and outperform) their male classmates:

A quarter-century after women became the majority on college campuses, men are trailing them in more than just enrollment.

Department of Education statistics show that men, whatever their race or socioeconomic group, are less likely than women to get bachelor's degrees — and among those who do, fewer complete their degrees in four or five years. Men also get worse grades than women.

And women in their 20s now also earn more, on average, than men.

So, considering the respective pools of men and women, half the men are less intelligent than half the women (and often much less intelligent) -- but even in the remaining potential couplings, there will be many situations where the man is more intelligent but also less successful than his potential partner.

Talk about a tough situation for the vaunted "male ego"!

Now, what what about attraction?

Unsurprisingly, men seem to be more attracted to pretty, subordinate women, and women seem to be more attracted to successful men (but not suspiciously good-looking ones) -- a situation which would seem to be an ideal match as long as women were generally less successful than men.

But what does this mean now that the tables have turned?

One of the interesting things about the studies above, regarding women's feelings about successful men, is that there was a marked difference between what people said and believed about themselves, and their actual behavior.

In questionnaires filled out before they went into the session, the participants said they were looking for mirror-images of themselves - someone who matched them in terms of status, commitment and looks.

But when the 21 women and 25 men sat down for "mini-dates'' with members of the opposite sex and later chose which ones they would like to go on a proper date with, the investigators saw a completely different dynamic at work.

The men homed in on the most attractive women, while the women were drawn to material wealth and security. The females were also much more calculating and picky in their choices of prospective mates than their male counterparts.

(Such disparity also seems to explain studies like this one, where, based on women's statements, there was no perceived bias towards successful men. More confirmation of this disparity here, also.)

And it seems that mens' and womens' behavior in these tests -- unenlightened as it may be -- is indeed predictive of their future happiness; it seems that women who have husbands who are emotionally engaged and affectionate (most important) -- and the primary breadwinners (less, but still significantly important) -- are indeed very likely to be quite happy.

The biggest predictor of women's happiness is their husband's emotional engagement. The extent to which he is affectionate, to which he is empathetic, to which he is basically tuned into his wife, this is the most important factor in predicting the wife's happiness. This basically drowns out every other factor in our models....

[I]ncome actually is a more important predictor of her happiness than whether she works outside the home. Having a husband who earns the lion's share of the income makes the average woman happier in her marriage. If the husband earns more than 66 percent of the income, the wife is more likely to report that she's happy with her marriage, and she's also more likely to report that she spends quality time with her husband. [source]

And they see, probably controversially, again a difference between what we say will make us happy, and what actually seems to:

What does your research say, if anything, about the egalitarian and complementarian argument in evangelical churches?

I don't have any access to data that would look specifically at people's attitudes towards headship and the quality or stability of their marriages. But this study certainly does suggest that when it comes to different emphases in the family, the complementarian side seems to be, shall we say, more in touch with how the average American married couple experiences family life. I reran all of my analyses with a sub-sample of women who had more egalitarian attitudes. Even for these women, they're more likely to be happy when their husbands earn the lion's share of income...

This isn't to say that it's wrong to want an egalitarian distribution of work -- just that it doesn't seem to correlate as strongly with happiness as a certain kind of old-fashioned disparity. (Perhaps there are other factors involved, such as the fact that women end up doing the housework, anyway?)


So, if all of the above is roughly true, what do we have here?

It suggests we have a situation where women and men will be more unhappy with their choices than in the past, when things were tilted the other way. It also suggests that women (like the columnist above) might be more likely to say they are comfortable with "dating down" then they actually would be in real life -- and that converse would also be true for men.

This doesn't necessarily apply to everyone, of course: Humorist James Lileks, for example, stays home and raises his daughter while his wife works as a high-powered attorney -- and they seem quite happy. But it does seem to suggest there will be a good number of potentially challenging matches -- and thus a lot of singleness, divorce, or, if both parties are willing: dogged, determined compromise.

What do you think?

Comments

I think its sad that we even have to have studies on this sort of thing. We as a society have gotten so caught up in "gender equality" that we no longer recognize that the genders are wildly different on many levels. Did it really take a study to find that men are more interested in physically attractive and more subordinate women? And do we really need a study to tell us that women are less interested in physical characteristics than they are taught to be by modern society? That women are attracted more toward physical, emotional, and financial security than whether her mate looks like Brad Pitt?

I find it funny that most feminists and feminist supporters tend to be liberals, the group you'd think would be most in tune with evolutionary facts, and yet when it comes to the male - female dynamic they are either totally ignorant of, or choose to ignore, what I believe most scientists would tell you are differences built in not by society, but evolution.

Posted by: on October 8, 2007 12:33 PM

I do agree with the above that there is a huge aspect of evolution being overlooked here. Back in the early days of human existence it was very important for a woman to pick a mate who would give her offspring the best chance of survival. We honestly see that quite a bit in animals too. The need to do the same, on the other hand, is not nearly so strong in men during those times. I don't think that's a trait that we as a species have been able to dump.

But I do hope there's more to attraction then being financially secure and healthy because those are two things constantly in flux with humans.

I imagine that women typically don't seek out men who are "below" them or that represent insecurity and I imagine that on the whole it's not politically correct or nice to admit to doing that.

I have a friend who's always been more interested in what the husband/ boyfriend does and what tax bracket he's in. Her own boyfriend is represents stability and security in that way. They decided to have a child, but only after they bought a house together and saved $20,000. However she won't share any assets with him other than the house because she wants to keep all of her stuff separate "just in case" and she's still working by choice. All that being said her and her boyfriend are very happy together with their daughter. Being financially secure is still very important to her.

I don't know how that ulitmately fits into the studies but I do know that she thinks I'm dumb. I guess because my choices don't look very stable from the outside. My wonderful husband has a career in a field where jobs can appear and disappear very quickly, we've joined all of our financial assets, and I've quit my job to have a baby (and we didn't save any money ahead of time). I don't have any "just in case" money hidden away. But we have a very happy marriage and family even during some hard times. Contrary to the study my initial attraction to my husband was actually a shared enjoyment of Douglas Adams.

My epileptic brother met his wife at a time when he was working part time waiting for work as an electrician to pick up again (which it never did). While he did eventually get a job he hates to support them, my sister in law still has to work in order for them to support their children. She is at times the sole bread winner because of my brothers health issues. My brother is not someone who meets what women are "looking" for as far as security goes). He also is very happy with his marriage and family.

I guess the point is that these studies can point out what from an evolutionary stand point does factor into initial attraction. But honestly what makes it work is a whole lot more. Which makes these studies useless.

Posted by: Michelle on October 8, 2007 02:24 PM


My girlfriend is very much into the various
PAX workshops and programs that focus on gender psychology and relationships (so much so that she's thought about going to work for them at some point in the future.) While I'm not usually one for pop psychology, I've listened to one tape and they seem pretty simple yet insightful.

It seems like the workshops deal a bit with allowing men to be providers in a relationship, getting women to express their needs more precisely, and helping people to understand what's happening in a relationship in a way that I think wouldn't offend even most feminists.

The article didn't really deal with the differences between dating and marriage, though. Or infidelity, for that matter. Life is (unfortunately) more complex than "what do you look for in a lifelong mate."

But I'll buy that most women like to 'date up' so to speak.


Posted by: Ryan W. on October 8, 2007 09:59 PM

Or perhaps the desire for a wealthy mate is less important for more already wealthy, educated or high status couples? There's some evidence for that, I think.

Actually, I seem to recall it's quite the opposite: that even wealthy women seek out men who fit the profile of "provider" as they see it. I seem to recall some finding that this didn't vary with the woman's income: even wealthy women wanted to "date up", provider-wise.


Regarding your thought about relative comparisons and happiness...

Just to frame things, up front, I'd like to mention that I tend to think of happy-making and unhappy-making things as separate categories.

I would posit that most people aren't as likely to be happy if their basic needs (as they understand them) aren't being met. This can include a lot of things, some which are defined in relation to how we were raised, and others around us.

For example, if I'm the only guy at a party who's wearing shorts and an old T-shirt, and the others are wearing suits and ties, I'm probably going to be uncomfortable -- and thus "not happy". Not because I define my happiness relative to other people's wealth, but because we are social animals, and a desire not to be singled out negatively is a basic component of a healthy human being's mental outlook. (It keeps us from doing all sorts of stupid things.)

You might note that I'd be equally unhappy if I were at a water park, and I were wearing an extremely expensive suit while everyone else was wearing old swimsuits and torn T-shirts.

In the case of some random woman who fits the rule above, perhaps she wants a husband who is more of some things than she is. More taller-er, more richer-er, more stronger-er -- more provider-y. Less afraid of spiders.

Again, this has a relativistic element, but I'd suggest it's because there might be a mental checkbox entitled: "My husband provides for and protects me." The checkbox itself is not relativistic, but the way she assesses it must be, just as my example about fitting in must be. She loves to feel she actually needs her husband, and he may also love to feel needed and useful. (I sure do.)

Going back to my framing point above, I think it's entirely reasonable to be unhappy when basic needs aren't being met (even when those are defined relative to a group or situation) or when unavoidable pain is being caused. See again the water park example.

But that's different than the statement you've cited from me, where I'm potentially being made unhappy because someone is dressed (for example) better than me. I'm fitting in, I'm doing fine. It just bugs me that there are a small number of people who are doing better than I am -- perhaps much better. How dare they!

That's envy, which is different than the pain of not fitting in, or feeling like your girlfriend isn't validating you enough, or your husband isn't braver than you are regarding spiders, or whatever.

Basic needs sometimes necessitate comparisons with other people; but when basic needs are being met, you can define yourself as "happy" at that point, or you can start worrying about keeping up with the Joneses and landing that trophy wife -- and/or being royally hacked off if some people have something optional which you don't.


One last thing I'd like to toss in here; a tangent: I expect some people's "soak the rich" anger really is a masquerade for their own envy -- like the kid who would rather a toy be destroyed than let another one have it.

But there are others who I think may suffer from some internal anger, from something else, and that anger is looking for something to fixate on, something to justify it.

I remember when I was in my twenties, I would find myself feeling this anger once in a while -- a bit like in the Styx song. And I would notice it and ask myself: "Why?" I realized I had no particular reason for it, and learned that was just a feeling which apparently was common among people my age and gender (hence all the songs about the prototypical "angry young man"). And so I decided to ignore it until it went away. Which it did.

But I suspect others have that, plus probably some added anger over some other issue they can't bear to face, and thus walk around looking for something more legitimate to vent their rage towards. The anger is coming from inside, but they tell themselves it due to... you know, US policy, or differences between the rich and poor. Or the way the Jews or "Theocons" or white people (or liberals!) run everything or exert too much influence, or whatever.

So they have their two-minute hates and get it all out, but it builds up again, because it's not really being caused by George Bush (they'd hate any other Republican president just as much: I remember the Reagan years) or the Jooos or The Rich. And if they get their way, it won't solve anything for them, since the core problem is inside, not outside themselves.

Posted by: Tim (Random Observations) on October 10, 2007 10:20 PM

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